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Re: La Historia del “Pais Vasco” según los vascos y según las crónicas antiguas.
Insertado por iñaki urioste arana en fecha May 07, 19103 at 20:54:16:
En respuesta a: La Historia del “Pais Vasco” según los vascos y según las crónicas antiguas. insertado por Iñigo Arista en fecha July 27, 19101 at 17:46:50:
Como no soy un perito en linguística, ni mucho menos, pero me molesta realmente la facilidad con la que se pueden encontrar conclusiones " interesadas", me limito a transcribir un artículo muy ilustrativo sobre el tema, que en cualquier caso ratifica la antiguedad del pueblo vasco y sus innegables méritos de haber sido el semillero cromagnon de Europa. Le guste o no le guste a otros:
LINGUISTIC CONNECTIONSA Paleolithic LanguageLinguists have
believed for some time now that a language exists today which can be traced
back to the Stone Age. Just how far back is uncertain, but at least as far back
as the Neolithic Age (Renan, 1873). Whether or not it can be traced further
back into the Old Stone Age (the Paleolithic) remains to be seen. The huge
areas once covered by this language and its close relatives are the very same
areas which were occupied by Cro-Magnon Man of the Paleolithic Age: a strong
indicator that this language was that of Cro-Magnon Man. Since we are looking
at a Stone Age language which survived to the present-day, in making our
analysis of this remarkable phenomenon it will be helpful to know where the
Cro-Magnon people still live today. So, who were the survivors of Atlantis?.
THE SURVIVORS OF ATLANTISGenerally, Cro-Magnon people can be found in certain
parts of Western Europe, North Africa and some of the Atlantic Islands today.
Physical anthropologists agree that Cro-Magnon is represented in modern times
by the Berber and Tuareg peoples of North Africa, the recently extinct Guanches
of the Canary Isles, the Basques of northern Spain, some people living in the
Dordogne Valley and in Brittany in France; and, some years ago, those living on
the Isle d'Oleron. All have the distinguishing Cro-Magnon skulls (Howells,
1967; Lundman, 1967, et. al.). Except for some shrinkage of areas, this is the
same distribution pattern for Cro-Magnon as existed in Upper Paleolithic times.
The important thing in regard to this particular pattern of distribution is
that when the languages of these people are analyzed, it is apparent that they
speak languages that are related to each other, but not related to the other
languages spoken throughout Europe and the Near East. I have named this family
of languages the Berber-Ibero-Basque Complex. The languages involved are very
old, going back at least to the Neolithic Age. THE BERBER-IBERO-BASQUE LANGUAGE
COMPLEXWhat I will endeavor to show here is that the various dialects of what I
believe was the original language of the Atlanteans accompanied the Cro-Magnon
people as they swept into the western portions of Europe and Africa. The
remains of this phenomenon exist to this day in what I call the
Berber-Ibero-Basque Language Complex. This complex stretched from Morocco in
North Africa, across Gibraltar into the Iberian peninsula, up into the Dordogne
Valley of France, and northward to the British Isles. (Click for Map) If such
an Atlantic language did exist, we will have identified the Atlantean language,
at least provisionally. At the very least, we can ask if such a unified,
widespread language did not come from Atlantis, from where did it come?
Professional anthropologists have already postulated, in a classic work on
European ethnology, that the Basque people of the Pyrenees Mountains (northern
Spain/southern France) speak a language inherited directly from Cro-Magnon Man
(Ripley, 1899). To give only two examples of why they made the above
postulation, the Basque word for knife means literally "stone that cuts," and
their word for ceiling means "top of the cavern" (Blanc, 1854). Prof. Henry
Fairfield Osborn (1915-1923), declared that the Cro-Magnon people of the Stone
Age left two cultural "relics" that survived into modern times: (1) the
Berber-speaking Guanches of the Canary Islands, and (2) the unique Basque
language of western Europe. And the distinguished British scholar Michael
Harrison once wrote: "In support of the theory that Basque, if not an
autochthonous language, is at least one of the most primitive languages of
Europe, in the sense of its being here before any of the existing others, is
the fact that Basque . . . is still a language with no proven congeners"
(Harrison, 1974). If Basque was indeed the language of Cro-Magnon Man, it must
have once been spoken over a much larger area of Europe than it is now. Today
it stands isolated into two tiny linguistic "islands," surrounded by languages
totally alien in vocabulary, syntax, and grammatical structure (Saltarelli,
1988). According to Harrison, who has done his homework, Basque did indeed
cover a far greater area than it does today. He points out that this fact was
recorded by the Carthaginians and Romans (Harrison, 1974). But what about the
little-known Iberian language (generally believed to be related to the Berber
language of North Africa)? The defunct Iberian language is known to us only
through inscriptions (the Iberian script is mainly syllabic, but also partly
alphabetic). It was once spoken throughout the entire Iberian peninsula, and
through Iberian language specialist William J. Entwhistle (1936) we learn that
this language is also related to the modern Basque language. The famous German
philologist Wilhelm von Humboldt was convinced of the existence of a single
great Iberian people, speaking a distinct language of their own (non-European),
and that these ancient Iberian people once extended into southern France, the
British Isles, and even among the islands of Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. He
also contended that the Basques of modern times are remnants of that "once
wide-spread Atlantic seaboard population" (von Humboldt, 1961). F. N. Finch,
another German authority on comparative philology, asserts that the modern
Basque is simply "a continuation" of the older Iberian language--although this
has been contested recently (Hualde, 1991). But even though recent
investigators are reluctant to admit to vocabulary equivalence (attributing
such to "borrowings" from the Basque), they also know that similarities in
language structure is the most telling trait, and that the latter is
transparent between all these languages. They know that language structure is
an extremely conservative trait, highly resistent to outside influences.
Harrison expresses the opinion that both Iberian and Basque originated in
Berber country. Why? Because of the affinities which exist between those two
languages and the modern Berber tongue. Indeed that Basque should have many
words in common with the member of allthe North African group of languages is
not surprising, since modern opinion evermore inclines to credit the Basque
with a North African origin . . . (Harrison, 1974) But even though these
languages are apparently related, why imagine they all originated in North
Africa. A quick look at any map with show the geographical proximity of these
areas to Atlantis. It may be that none of these needed to "cross" the Straits
of Gibraltar. If Cro-Magnon simultaneously appeared on the western shores of
both continents, as most physical anthropologists insist, then so did his
language. No evidence has been found to indicate that Cro-Magnon's origin was
in North Africa (see my page on anthropology), so why would his language
originate there? In other words, to bring it down to our terms, if Cro-Magnon
originated in Atlantis, so did his language. Linguists have been stunned by the
lack of change in these languages over extremely long periods of time. It seems
that, language-wise, Cro-Magnon was very conservative! Prof. Johannes Friedrich
(1957), a leading linguist of the Free University of Berlin, says that the
Berber language has not changed at all in the last two thousand years. From
this, one might conclude that the ancient Atlantean language is well enough
intact, even after 12,000 years, that it can be identified to a reasonable
extent. The fact that Basque has been called "primitive" in no way implies that
it is simple or undeveloped. Basque language authorities, such as S.H. Blanc
(1854) and J. Morris-Jones (1940), describe Basque syntax as both "complex and
orderly". Now to complete the picture. I haven't said anything about the
British languages Welch, Erse and Gaelic. Let's take a look. WELCH, ERSE AND
GAELICIt appears that the peculiar Basque syntax (word order) is preserved in
the modern Welch language. This much is certain. Someone, speaking some
language (language X) was already in Great Britain when the first wave of Kelts
arrived in about 1800 B.C. The question is, who were they, and what was the
language they spoke? Prof. Morris-Jones has answered the above questions by
means of an intensive study of the Welch language. Briefly stated,
Morris-Jones' theory is that what makes the Welch language so peculiar is
because it is composed mainly of a Keltic vocabulary, but the syntax is
non-Keltic. After studying the language for most of his life, he has concluded
that modern Welch is derived from a principally Keltic vocabulary superimposed
upon a much older syntax resembling Basque. He believes this happened as a
result of conquest. His theory goes like this: When one people is conquered by
another, the conquering warriors usually make wives or mistresses out of the
conquered people's women folk. The latter are more or less forced to learn the
vocabulary of the conqueror; but syntax is a harder thing to learn, especially
when the warrior-husband is gone a lot fighting other battles. The children of
these unions are raised by their mothers, and therefore learn the "incorrect"
version of the conquerors language from their mothers. Within a few short
generations the language as spoken by the women and children at home is
considered "correct". This happened when the Lowland Scots had the English
language superimposed on the older Gaelic, which gives the Scottish dialect of
English its particular flavor. These earliest, 'Basque speaking' inhabitants,
are known as Bretons Morris-Jones concluded that the syntax most closely
resembling that of Welch is the Berber and Tamachek languages of North Africa
(both closely related to Basque). In other words, language X is identified as
belonging to our Berber-Ibero-Basque complex, i.e., the Atlantean language. It
appears that this earliest language of Britain is found, almost hidden, at the
root of the Welsh, Erse and Gaelic languages. So it is almost certain that from
Morocco to the British Isles we are dealing with basically one language. If
Cro-Magnon Man was as primitive as most people think, he would not have spoken
only one language. Look at the uncountable languages of the American Indian,
and the thousands of languages existing in equatorial Africa. Each tribe spoke
its own language, and sign language had to be resorted to for communication
between them. The unity expressed in all Cro-Magnon people, in their art
impulse, the tools and weapons, social organization, and in the language they
spoke, is eloquent testimony of the high state of civilization attained in
their original homeland before becoming refugees fighting for survival. And
that homeland must have been the lost Atlantis. TOP of Page BibliographyBlanc,
S. H., Grammaire de la Langue Basque (d'apres celle de Larramendi), Lyons &
Paris, 1854.Entwhistle, W. J. "The Spanish Language," (as cited in Michael
Harrison's work, 1974.) London, 1936.Friedrich, Johannes, "Extinct Languages,"
(translated from German by Frank Gaynor) published byThe Philosophical Library,
New York, 1957.Gans Eric Lawrence, "The Origin of Language," Univ. of
California Press, Berkeley, 1981.Geze, L., Elements de Grammaire Basque,
Beyonne, 1873.Harrison, Michael, "The Roots of Witchcraft," Citadel Press,
Secaucas, N.J., 1974.Hualde, J. I., "Basque Phonology," Routledge, London &
New York, 1991.Martins, J. P. de Oliveira, "A History of Iberian Civilization,"
Oxford University Press, 1930.Morris-Jones, J., In Appendix to "The Welch
Languages," by Sir John Rhys, London, 1939.Osborn, Henry Fairfield, "Men of the
Old Stone Age," New York, 1915-1923.Renan, Ernest, De l'Origine du Langage,
Paris, 1858; La Societe' Berbere, Paris, 1873.Ripley, W. Z., "The Races of
Europe," D. Appleton & Co., New York, 1899.Saltarelli, M., "Basque," Croom
Helm, New York, 1988.von Humboldt, K. W., "Iberia," Encl. Brit., vol. 12,
William Benton Publ., London, 1961 edition. Ancient Writings | Anthropology |
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